Using R to work through Sokal and Rohlf's Biometry: Chapter 5 (Introduction to Probability Distributions: Binomial and Poisson), sections 5.1-5.2

Previously in this series: Chapter 4 exercises (in Sokal and Rohlf's Biometry).

Chapter 5 mostly covers the binomial and Poisson distributions, and briefly mentions hypergeometric, multinomial, negative binomial, and logarithmic.

Section 5.1

This section talks about probability theory, unions, intersections, independence,
#conditional probability, and Bayes' theorem (which apparently will not be used in the rest of the book).

Section 5.2: the binomial distribution

?Distributions #to see distributions available in 'stats'.
?dbinom #to see what you can do with binomial distribution in particular.

#Let's generate table 5.1 and figure 5.2 (bar graph side by side).
#The remaining tables in section 5.2 would use similar code.

#You can get the binomial coefficient equation 5.9 by hand using factorial()
#For example on page 71 in table 5.1, they give an example of a sample of 5 containing 2 of the infected insects.
#to population a table with coefficients and powers of p and q (columns 3 and 4 in table)
factorial(5)/(factorial(2)*factorial(5-2))
#Yes, this gives us 10 just like in table 5.1, column 2, for 2 infected insects.

#You can do this more simply using the choose() function.
#Beware the different use of k in the R function versus the book.
choose(n=5, #n is the size of the sample.  "k" in book.
       k=2) #k is the place in the coefficient, starting at 0 (number infected, number whatever); "Y" in book.

#To get the values in column 3 and 4 of table 5.1, except for the power of 0, which is 1 and not calculated here.
poly(0.4, degree=5, raw=T)
poly(0.6, degree=5, raw=T)
#You will note taht the numbers for 0.6 (powers of q) are reversed in column 4.
#When you note that the number of uninfected insects per sample will be just opposite of infected insects (in column 1)
#this makes more sense.

#To get the relative expected frequencies (column 5), use dbinom and pbinom.
#http://www.r-tutor.com/elementary-statistics/probability-distributions/binomial-distribution

(rel.expected.freq<-dbinom(c(0,1,2,3,4,5), size=5, prob=0.4))
#density is book's relative frequencies.
(pbinom(c(0,1,2,3,4,5), size=5, prob=0.4))
#to contrast, this adds up the densities/relative frequencies.

#To get column 6, the absolute expected frequencies, multiply rel.expected.freq by the actual sample size.
(abs.expected.freq<-2423*rel.expected.freq)

#Now we'll use the abs.expected.freq plus the observed frequencies together to make a side-by-side barplot.
obs.freq<-c(202,
            643,
            817,
            535,
            197,
            29)

infected.freq<-rbind(obs.freq,
                 abs.expected.freq)
colnames(infected.freq)<-0:5
rownames(infected.freq)<-c("Observed frequencies",
                           "Expected frequencies")
#Adding colnames and rownames gives the proper legend and x axis labels in the plot.

#If you want to make a side-by-side barplot,
#you need adjacent columns, the barplot() function,
#and to specify beside=TRUE.
barplot(infected.freq,
        beside = TRUE,
        ylab="Frequency",
        xlab="Number of infected insects per sample",
        axes=TRUE,
        legend.text = TRUE,
        args.legend=c(bty="n"))